Abstrakt

The role of thermal and stress induced reactions in reversibility of shape memory alloys

Adiguzel O

Shape memory effect is a peculiar property exhibited by a certain alloy system in the β-phase fields, and result of thermal and mechanical treatments. These alloys have dual characteristics called thermoelasticity and superelasticity, governed by successive thermal and stress induced martensitic transformations, and performed thermally and mechanically, respectively. Thermal induced transformation occurs along with lattice twinning on cooling and ordered parent phase structures turn into twinned martensite structures. Twinned martensite structures turn into detwinned martensite structures by means of stress induced transformation by deforming plastically in martensitic condition. Strain energy is stored in the material with deformation and released upon heating, by recovering the original shape in bulk level, and cycles between original and deformed shapes on heating and cooling, respectively. Superelasticity is also a result of stress induced martensitic transformation and performed in only mechanical manner in the parent austenite phase region. The materials are deformed just over Austenite finish temperature, and shape recovery is performed simultaneously upon releasing the applied stress. The ordered parent phase structures turn into the detwinned structures by means of stress induced martensitic transformation, like the deformation step in shape memory. Superelasticity is performed in non- linear way, unlike normal elastic materials, loading and unloading paths in stress-strain diagram are different, and hysteresis loop reveals energy dissipation. Shape memory effect is performed thermally in a temperature interval depending on the forward and reverse transformation, on cooling and heating, respectively, and this behaviour is called thermoelasticity. Deformation at different temperatures in intermediate region between Martensite start and Austenite finish temperatures exhibits different behaviour beyond shape memory effect and superelasticity, and the materials partially recover original shape. Thermal induced martensitic transformation occurs with the cooperative movement of atoms on {110}-type planes of austenite matrix, by means of shear-like mechanism. Copper based alloys exhibit this property in metastable β-phase region, which has bcc-based structures. Lattice invariant shears are not uniform in copper-based shape memory alloys, and the ordered parent phase structures martensitically undergo the non-conventional complex layered structures on further cooling. The long-period layered structures can be described by different unit cells as 3R, 9R or 18R depending on the stacking sequences on the close-packed planes of the ordered lattice. In the present contribution, x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies were carried out on two copper based CuZnAl and CuAlMn alloys. X-ray diffraction profiles and electron diffraction patterns reveal that both alloys exhibit super lattice reflections inherited from parent phase due to the displacive character of martensitic transformation. X-ray diffractograms taken in a long-time interval show that diffraction angles and intensities of diffraction peaks change with the aging time at room temperature. This result reveals a new transformation in displacive manner.